Assessments for Early Childhood Programs Essay

William J. Wilson once stated, â€Å"The individual who scored well on a SAT won't really be the best specialist or the best attorney or the best agent. These tests don't gauge character, administration, inventiveness, or perseverance†. For what reason do we test understudies? What is the reason for evaluations? Do these tests and evaluations advantage the understudies? These are questions instructors have been requesting years. It is incomprehensible for one to decide a child’s scholarly capacities dependent on a test. However there still should be some type of appraisals acted so as to assess the scholastic level every understudy has reached. Be that as it may, what amount surveying is excessively? How vigorously do teachers depend on the aftereffects of these appraisals? The primary issues, with regards to surveying youth understudies, are the outcomes of the evaluation results and how they influence the youngster. As indicated by The National Academies of Sciences, there are two key rules that help the accomplishment of evaluation. The first is that the motivation behind an evaluation ought to be a guide for appraisal choices. The reason for any appraisal must be resolved and obviously conveyed to all partners before the evaluation is structured or executed. Generally significant, appraisal intended for projects ought not be utilized to evaluate singular kids. Since various purposes require various types of evaluations, the reason should drive appraisal structure and execution decisions† (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). The subsequent standard is that any appraisal performed ought to be finished in a â€Å"coherent arrangement of wellbeing, instructive, and family bolster benefits that advance ideal improvement for all youngsters. Evaluation ought to be an essential piece of a sound arrangement of youth care and training that incorporates a scope of administrations and resources† (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). These two standards clarify the primary motivation behind why surveying is significant and how evaluations ought to be directed. In the wake of having a comprehension of the motivation behind appraisals, for what reason is it so essential to start assessments at such a youthful age? What is the motivation behind assessing babies and little children? Creator Sue Wortham clarifies assessing babies and newborn children decide if the youngster is growing ordinarily or on the off chance that they give any indications of deferral and need help. All things considered, the primary reason for appraisal is to profit the youngster (Wortham, p. 32). The NAEYC accepts that during a child’s early years, assessing and surveying their improvement ought to be the essential core interest. They need to concentrate how small kids developed and learn. All the â€Å"results of appraisal are utilized to advise the arranging and usage regarding encounters, to speak with the child’s family, and to assess and improve teachers’ and program’s effectiveness† (Wortham, p. 4). Instructors additionally use appraisal results to so as to design their educational program as needs be. So precisely do evaluations scan for? Evaluations look not just for what the kid is as of now fit for doing freely yet additionally what they can do with the assistance of an instructor or another understudy (Wortham, p. 35). So how are they evaluated precisely? There are a wide range of appraisals given to kids over the U. S. ordinary. These might be directed orally or as composed works, for example, polls, reviews, or tests. These may include: state sanctioned tests, perceptions, agendas, rating scales, rubrics, meetings, or portfolios. Every one of these fill an alternate need so as to give various snippets of data expected to assess the youngster being referred to. State sanctioned tests, however many can't help contradicting them, are intended to quantify singular attributes. Perceptions, then again, are one of the best approaches to gauge students’ qualities. At the point when youngsters are youthful, it very well may be hard now and again to decide whether there are any formative deferrals (Wortham, p. 39). Formative agendas, or degrees, are for the most part utilized at all degrees of instruction. These agendas are arrangements of the learning goals that have been set up by the instructor so as to monitor their learning and improvement. Things on an agenda are evaluated with a negative or positive reaction from the instructor. Rating scales, in contrast to agendas, give estimation on a continuum and are utilized when an assortment of rules is expected to achieve explicit data. Another type of appraisal instructors regularly use is Rubrics. Rubrics were made to â€Å"evaluate credible and execution assessments† (Wortham, p. 41). Rubrics, such as rating scales, have a scope of standards that must be met. Be that as it may, in contrast to rating scales, rubrics can be utilized to decide the nature of execution required, but at the same time are utilized to appoint grades. Rubrics make it simple for understudies to comprehend what is normal and is makes it simpler for instructors to review assignments. The last sorts of appraisals that are most oftentimes utilized are execution and portfolio evaluations. These assessments may be regulated through meetings given straightforwardly by the educator so as to comprehend the child’s thinking and comprehension (Wortham, p. 41). Educators may introduce these assessments through coordinated assignments, exercises, or games. The exhibition results are normally kept in an understudy or instructor portfolio. These portfolios contain tests of student’s work and are utilized as a kind of progress report card. Keeping nitty gritty reports of student’s work in the portfolios assist instructors with monitoring their student’s progress and help figure out which territories of learning are deficient with regards to consideration (Wortham, p. 41). By and large, as indicated by Wortham, these tests, regardless of whether controlled to an individual kid or a gathering of understudies, are intended to decide a student’s â€Å"abilities, accomplishments, aptitudes, interests, perspectives, qualities, and character characteristics† (Wortham, p. 9). Presently having a comprehension of the various sorts of appraisals used to assess understudies and the reason, let us go to the negative and beneficial outcomes of these assessments. It is essential for instructors to oversee tests and assessments cautiously, in light of the fact that it they are inadequately explained, it can prompt choices that are unjustifiable or indistinct, and they may do damage to projects, educators, and, above all, kids (Snow, C. E. and Van Hemel, S. B. , p. 341-342). Assessments and appraisals are not intended to rebuff a youngster, and along these lines, ought to never be administered delicately. It is significant that the data assembled exceeds any negative impacts. Editors of Early Childhood Assessment: Why, What, and How, Catherine E. Day off Susan B. Van Hemel, clarify that â€Å"although a similar measure might be utilized for more than one reason, earlier thought of every single potential intention is basic, as is cautious examination of the genuine substance of the evaluation instrument. Direct assessment of the evaluation things is significant in light of the fact that the title of a measure doesn't generally mirror the content† (Snow, C. E. and Van Hemel, S. B. , p. 346). So what are some negative impacts? Negative results of evaluation discoveries may incorporate program de-financing, shutting an inside, terminating an educator, mislabeling a kid, or a decrease in program assets (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). These impacts, for example, mislabeling an understudy, can follow understudies for the remainder of their training profession. When a kid is gone into a program, it tends to be troublesome at time for educators to look past that name. Kids all create at various their own pace. Nobody youngster will create and become familiar with a similar route as another kid. They all grow up and create at various stages. However instructive scholars have had the option to watched and accumulate enough data to reason that youngsters, whenever partitioned in age gatherings, do will in general follow a specific improvement design. The issue is, it is difficult to figure out which kids are the anomalies in these outcomes without cautiously directing appropriate evaluations. Evaluations are not used to fundamentally pass judgment on understudy or rebuff them. Their fundamental reason for existing is to support understudies, instructors, and guardians. So what are some constructive outcomes of appraisal and assessments? Understudies that profit by appraisals and assessments are those that are appropriately watched and tried. Educators likewise advantage from the utilization of evaluations since it causes them make a suitable educational plan for their understudies. Assessing kids at a youthful age can have a constructive outcome if a postponement or incapacity is in actuality found, and in light of the fact that it was gotten early, the understudy has a superior possibility of surpassing their potential in school. Getting formative postponements or incapacities at a youthful age is equivalent to discovering malignancy at a beginning period as in the previous the disease is discovered; the odds of endurance are more prominent. Appraisal results are utilized to get ready for guidance, assess instructional projects, and report understudy progress. These are on the whole positive aftereffects of appraisals. Without the consequences of appraisals and test, by what means would educators be able to figure out what to show their understudies? Assessments, whenever arranged and directed appropriately, can be more valuable than destructive. Sadly, not all instructors assess youngsters reasonably or properly. So it is significant for guardians to remain associated with their children’s instruction if the consequences of an assessment don't coordinate the capability of their kid. Guardians should know the standards and variations from the norm of their child’s conduct. In this manner, it is consistently advantageous to the kid for guardians and instructors to impart. Along these lines if a youngster is misbehaving in class, and the instructor advises the parent, the parent may affirm any feelings of dread immediately by basically saying, â€Å"that isn’t like him† or â€Å"he’s jus

A Game of Thrones Chapter Fifty-two Free Essays

string(53) gazed up at the cloudy sky with blue, blue eyes. Jon Othor,† declared Ser Jaremy Rykker, â€Å"beyond an uncertainty. Furthermore, this one was Jafer Flowers.† He turned the carcass over with his foot, and the dead white face gazed up at the cloudy sky with blue, blue eyes. You read A Game of Thrones Chapter Fifty-two in classification Article models We will compose a custom exposition test on A Game of Thrones Chapter Fifty-two or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now â€Å"They were Ben Stark’s men, both of them.† My uncle’s men, Jon thought unresponsively. He recalled how he’d argued to ride with them. Divine beings, I was such a green kid. On the off chance that he had taken me, it may be me lying here . . . Jafer’s right wrist finished in the destruction of torn fragile living creature and fragmented bone left by Ghost’s jaws. His correct hand was drifting in a container of vinegar back in Maester Aemon’s tower. His left hand, still toward the finish of his arm, was as dark as his shroud. â€Å"Gods have mercy,† the Old Bear murmured. He swung down from his garron, giving his reins to Jon. The morning was unnaturally warm; globules of sweat dabbed the Lord Commander’s wide brow like dew on a melon. His pony was anxious, feigning exacerbation, moving in an opposite direction from the dead men to the extent her lead would permit. Jon drove her off a couple of paces, battling to shield her from shooting. The ponies didn't care for the vibe of this spot. So far as that is concerned, neither did Jon. The canines preferred it in particular. Phantom had driven the gathering here; the pack of dogs had been futile. At the point when Bass the kennelmaster had attempted to get them to take the fragrance from the cut off hand, they had gone wild, yowling and yelping, battling to escape. Indeed, even now they were growling and crying by turns, pulling at their rope while Chett reviled them for dogs. It is just a wood, Jon let himself know, and they’re just dead men. He had seen dead men before . . . The previous evening he had envisioned the Winterfell dream once more. He was meandering the vacant stronghold, looking for his dad, diving into the tombs. Just this time the fantasy had gone farther than previously. In obscurity he’d heard the scratch of stone on stone. At the point when he turned he saw that the vaults were opening, in a steady progression. As the dead rulers came faltering from their virus dark graves, Jon had woken in black as night, his heart pounding. In any event, when Ghost jumped up on the bed to nestle at his face, he was unable to shake his profound feeling of dread. He challenged not return to rest. Rather he had climbed the Wall and strolled, fretful, until he saw the light of the first light off to the cast. It was just a fantasy. I am a sibling of the Night’s Watch now, not a terrified kid. Samwell Tarly clustered underneath the trees, half-holed up behind the ponies. His round fat face was the shade of coagulated milk. So far he had not swayed off to the forested areas to heave, however he had not really as looked at the dead men either. â€Å"I can’t look,† he murmured wretchedly. â€Å"You need to look,† Jon let him know, keeping his voice low so the others would not hear. â€Å"Maester Aemon sent you to be his eyes, didn’t he? What great are eyes if they’re shut?† â€Å"Yes, however . . . I’m such a quitter, Jon.† Jon put a hand on Sam’s shoulder. â€Å"We have twelve officers with us, and the mutts, even Ghost. Nobody will hurt you, Sam. Feel free to look. The primary look is the hardest.† Sam gave a tremulous gesture, gathering his mental fortitude with a noticeable exertion. Gradually he turned his head. His eyes enlarged, yet Jon held his arm so he was unable to dismiss. â€Å"Ser Jaremy,† the Old Bear asked bluntly, â€Å"Ben Stark had six men with him when he rode from the Wall. Where are the others?† Ser Jaremy shook his head. â€Å"Would that I knew.† Obviously Mormont was not satisfied with that answer. â€Å"Two of our siblings butchered nearly inside sight of the Wall, yet your officers heard nothing, saw nothing. Is this what the Night’s Watch has tumbled to? Do we despite everything clear these woods?† â€Å"Yes, my ruler, butâ€â€  â€Å"Do we despite everything mount watches?† â€Å"We do, butâ€â€  â€Å"This man wears a chasing horn.† Mormont pointed at Othor. â€Å"Must I guess that he kicked the bucket without sounding it? Or on the other hand have your officers all gone hard of hearing just as blind?† Ser Jaremy bristled, his face tight with outrage. â€Å"No horn was blown, my master, or my officers would have heard it. I don't have adequate men to mount the same number of watches as I should like . . . also, since Benjen was lost, we have remained nearer to the Wall than we were wont to do previously, by your own command.† The Old Bear snorted. â€Å"Yes. Well. Be that as it may.† He made an anxious motion. â€Å"Tell me how they died.† Hunching down next to the dead man he had named Jafer Flowers, Ser Jaremy got a handle on his head by the scalp. The hair came out between his fingers, weak as straw. The knight reviled and pushed at the face with the impact point of his hand. An incredible cut in the side of the corpse’s neck opened like a mouth, crusted with dried blood. Just a couple of ropes of pale ligament despite everything connected the head to the neck. â€Å"This was finished with an axe.† â€Å"Aye,† mumbled Dywen, the old forester. â€Å"Belike the hatchet that Othor conveyed, m’lord.† Jon could feel his morning meal stirring in his paunch, however he squeezed his lips together and made himself take a gander at the subsequent body. Othor had been a major revolting man, and he made a major terrible carcass. No hatchet was in proof. Jon recalled Othor; he had been the one howling the off color tune as the officers braved. His singing days were finished. His tissue was whitened white as milk, all over the place yet his hands. His hands were dark like Jafer’s. Blooms of hard broke blood beautified the human injuries that secured him like a rash, bosom and crotch and throat. However his eyes were as yet open. They gazed up at the sky, blue as sapphires. Ser Jaremy stood. â€Å"The wildlings have tomahawks too.† Mormont adjusted on him. â€Å"So you accept this is Mance Rayder’s work? This near the Wall?† â€Å"Who else, my lord?† Jon could have let him know. He knew, they all knew, yet no man of them would state the words. The Others are just a story, a story to make youngsters shudder. In the event that they at any point inhabited all, they are gone 8,000 years. Indeed, even the idea caused him to feel silly; he was a man developed now, a dark sibling of the Night’s Watch, not the kid who’d once sat at Old Nan’s feet with Bran and Robb and Arya. However Lord Commander Mormont gave a grunt. â€Å"If Ben Stark had gone under wildling assault a half day’s ride from Castle Black, he would have returned for additional men, pursued the executioners through every one of the seven hells and brought me back their heads.† â€Å"Unless he was killed as well,† Ser Jaremy demanded. The words hurt, even at this point. It had been for such a long time, it appeared to be indiscretion to stick to the expectation that Ben Stark was as yet alive, however Jon Snow was nothing if not obstinate. â€Å"It has been close on a large portion of a year since Benjen left us, my lord,† Ser Jaremy went on. â€Å"The timberland is huge. The wildlings may have fallen on him anyplace. I’d bet these two were the last overcomers of his gathering, on their way back to us . . . be that as it may, the foe got them before they could arrive at the wellbeing of the Wall. The carcasses are still new, these men can't have been dead over a day . . . .† â€Å"No,† Samwell Tarly squeaked. Jon was frightened. Sam’s anxious, piercing voice was the last he would have expected to hear. The fat kid was scared of the officials, and Ser Jaremy was not known for his understanding. â€Å"I didn't request your perspectives, boy,† Rykker said briskly. â€Å"Let him talk, ser,† Jon shouted. Mormont’s eyes flicked from Sam to Jon and back once more. â€Å"If the fellow has a remark, I’ll listen to him. Come nearer, kid. We can’t see you behind those horses.† Sam edged past Jon and the garrons, perspiring lavishly. â€Å"My master, it . . . it can’t be a day or . . . look . . . the blood . . . â€Å" â€Å"Yes?† Mormont snarled anxiously. â€Å"Blood, what of it?† â€Å"He soils his smallclothes at seeing it,† Chett yelled out, and the officers snickered. Sam cleaned at the perspiration on his temple. â€Å"You . . . you can see where Ghost . . . Jon’s direwolf . . . you can see where he removed that man’s hand, but then . . . the stump hasn’t drained, look . . . † He waved a hand. â€Å"My father . . . L-ruler Randyll, he, he made me watch him dress creatures some of the time, when . . . after . . . † Sam shook his head from side to side, his jawlines shuddering. Since he had taken a gander at the bodies, he was unable to appear to turn away. â€Å"A new slaughter . . . the blood would even now stream, my rulers. Later . . . later it would be thickened, similar to a . . . a jam, thick and . . . also, . . . † He looked just as he would have been wiped out. â€Å"This man . . . take a gander at the wrist, it’s all . . . dried up . . . dry . . . like . . . â€Å" Jon saw on the double what Sam implied. He could see the torn veins in the dead man’s wrist, iron worms in the pale substance. His blood was a dark residue. However Jaremy Rykker was unconvinced. â€Å"If they’d been dead any longer than a day, they’d be ready at this point, kid. They don’t even smell.† Dywen, the twisted old forester who got a kick out of the chance to flaunt that he could smell snow going ahead, steered nearer to the bodies and took a whiff. â€Å"Well, they’re no pansy blossoms, however . . . m’lord has reality of it. There’s no cadaver stink.† â€Å"They . . . they aren’t rotting.† Sam pointed, his fat finger shaking just a lit

Stylistic Choices in Borowskis This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen - Literature Essay Samples

Tadeusz Borowski is an inherently tragic author. His life as a guard in a German concentration camp is something to be pitied at best. While Borowski writes about his horrible experiences as a guard in his collection of short stories This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen, he seems to retain a sort of dissociation throughout his writing. This deflection of tragedy and treating of guards as ‘cogs in a machine’ enhances the horror of the concentration camp and the idea of the industrial nature of the Holocaust. In addition to this, Borowski breaks up the descriptions of menial tasks performed with horrific descriptions of the brutal mistreatment of the Jews by the Germans, using these scenes to shatter our hope that there can be anything intrinsically good in such a situation. Borowski’s opening story begins with what almost seems to be a joke: â€Å"Our striped suits are back from the tanks of Cyclone B solution, an efficient killer of lice in clothing and of men in gas chambers.† (Borowski 1) While this statement is obviously horrific, the author places it at the very beginning of the story, in almost a conversational manner, to expose the horrible acts committed in this camp by the Germans, while also implicating all the men in the camp as accomplices in the atrocities. Borowski paints these men as human beings, however – complicit in the murder caused by the Germans but only out of necessity. The men are friendly to each other, sharing food and drink and telling each other stories in a sort of hodge-podge of all of their languages. This feeling of friendship does make them seem more sympathetic as characters, as compared to the cold and robotic feeling we get from the German soldiers. This dichotomy of characterization makes these guards feel as imprisoned as the group on the train, if less lethally so. In addition to the stylistic choice that Borowski makes in making these guards, especially the main character, seem human, he also uses vivid imagery to drive home the vile jobs that these guards must do in order to survive. After the first train of the day is cleared, they are ordered to clean the train. Upon climbing inside they find â€Å"amid human excrement†¦ squashed, trampled infants, naked little monsters with enormous heads and bloated bellies† (Borowski 8). As the situation almost escalates into a standoff, more senseless murder is postponed by an elderly woman, who takes these disgusting corpses. In this story of violence and hatred, Borowski makes it a point to show truly sympathetic, possibly heroic characters, those who do not allow themselves to be beaten down or broken by the Nazis. This elderly woman is one of a handful of such characters in this story. The guards, while they are forced into this situation by powers greater than their own, are not heroic. Their complicity to the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany is far too great to be deemed heroic, and Borowski knows this. Borowski instead focuses on acts of genuine selflessness from the people least able to be selfless. This woman knows much more than she lets on about what is about to happen, even going so far as to comfort the main character, and yet she still will deal with these mutilated corpses simply to give her fellow prisoners a few more minutes of hope. These small acts of heroism are idealized in this story, but they also are shown to be few and far between in a horrifying situation. Borowski also seems to take this imagery in a wholly different direction when it comes to describing the Germans. The Germans in this story, when they are more than shadowy figures with all the power, are painted as disgusting, unattractive, loathsome people. The commandant of the F.K.L., a woman’s concentration camp, is described as:Withered, flat†chested, bony, her thin, colourless hair pulled back and tied in a Nordic knot; her hands are in the pockets of her wide skirt. With a rat†like, resolute smile glued on her thin lips she sniffs around the corners of the ramp. She detests feminine beauty with the hatred of a woman who is herself repulsive, and knows it. (Borowski 9)This loathing of the Germans who put them in this situation is understandable, and makes even more sense when you realize that this story was written by a disillusioned Borowski after he has survived the concentration camp. The entirety of this story is morally grey, and almost nihilistic in the way it is told. By the midway point of the story, the main character seems to lose all sympathy for the Jewish prisoners due to exhaustion, saying;†It is impossible to control oneself any longer. Brutally we tear suitcases from their hands, impatiently pull off their coats. Go on, go on, vanish! They go, they vanish. Men, women, children. Some of them know.† (Borowski 10) One of the individuals who â€Å"know† is a woman, who attempts to abandon her own child in order to have a chance at survival. The Russian sailor who deals with the woman is commended by the Germans for his brutality, which was fueled by exhaustion and drunkenness. Borowski manages to accurately portray the vicious cycle of being a guard in a concentration camp through this passage. The guards are made to work in the sun, with no breaks for water or food, except for what you can scavenge out of the cars. As such, the guards move at a quick, brutal pace through each of the Jewish people on the train, trying desperately for a moment’s rest. The German officers praise this brutality, and as the guards are powerless to speak out against the Germans, their anger is inevitably taken out even more harshly on the Jewish and other ‘undesirables’ on the trains. This cycle reaches a breaking point with our protagonist, however, who grows more and more sickened and disillusioned by this job throughout the entire story, finally snapping and giving in to the â€Å"mounting, uncontrollable terror† (Borowski 12) of the ramp. In his escape to the more privileged group of prisoners, we finally get to see the entirety of the action on the ramp. In this moment, and for the rest of the passage, Borowski’s voice finally gets to come through. As the main character mentally breaks under the strain of coping with the thousands of people dying in front of him, Borowski describes the horror of t he concentration camp with no detraction. This horrific imagery is no longer diluted with interactions, as it was when the main character was on the ramp. As the story takes a step backwards, we see everything from men and women dying on the ramp to a young girl with only one leg being carried off by the guards. She is thrown â€Å"on the truck on top of the corpses. She will burn alive along with them.† (Borowski 12) This shift comes unexpectedly, taking the reader by surprise and almost assaulting them with the true horror of the situation. However, this view of the ramp as it truly is only lasts for a moment before Borowski goes back to the guardsmen eating together. This constant shifting between showing the guards as human beings and showing the guards as agents of German oppression keeps the reader off balance, and Borowski’s ultimate goal in doing so is to create an ambiguous state. The reader is never quite sure whether to condemn or sympathize with the guards, and Borowski seems to cultivate this duality because he is not sure whether to condemn himself or not. The voice of the narrator is unequivocally Borowski’s own, and the hatred and self-loathing the narrator feels is directly linked to Borowski’s feelings about his life. Near the end of the story, the main character, after literally becoming fevered and nauseous from the work he has to do, dreams about going back to camp and lying on his bunk. He now sees the camp as a â€Å"haven of peace. It is true, others may be dying, but one is somehow still alive, one has enough food, enough strength to work†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Borowski 14) This method of coping by dissociation is perhaps the main flaw of guards at Birkenau. The guards block out their sympathy to the millions of people dying near them simply because they are the ones who need to survive. The food that they loot from the Jewish sent off to die, and the fact that they can continue to survive in this horrific situation, is more important to them than the people they see who they cannot save. Borowski seems to write this story both to explain and condemn this way of thinking. While the guards could not have done anything to save the millions of Jews who were killed or worked to death, Borowski seems t o feel a cutting amount of survivor’s guilt, and this guilt is prevalent in the way the story is told. Borowski wishes to make it apparent to his audience that there was no hope of being a moral individual and surviving in a concentration camp. Many of the people in his story seem to be ‘nice’ characters, or at least not inherently evil, and yet all of them are too constrained by forces beyond their control to show any mercy at all. Borowski writes this story very nihilistically, and leaves the reader with a profound sense of hopelessness, as though nothing could have been changed, and nothing is going to make up for the horrific acts committed. The author seems to intentionally cultivate this feeling in order to express to the audience the magnitude of the Germans’ slaughtering. In â€Å"This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen,† Borowski uses vivid imagery and an almost detached writing style to convey the horrifying scene of the concentration camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. In addition to this, he uses his own experiences as a guard to color the writing with a brush of nihilism, letting his own guilt as a survivor of the Holocaust paint a picture of the hopelessness that any guard posted would have to cope with and survive.

Essay on What Kind of an American Am I - 525 Words

Americanisn What Kind of an American Am I? What kind of an American am I? To summarize it up into one word, Im a proud American. To explain the characteristics that the word proud means to me, I took each letter in the word and made a new word. The new words represent the kind of American I am. P - patriotic; Patriotism is a quality that shows ones love for his or her country. By being patriotic, a person is being loyal to their country. It shows that they support and care for the things others have fought to give them. I display my patriotism by something as little as saluting the flag to say the Pledge of Allegiance daily. R - respectful; An American citizen that is respectful shows a high regard for the things that†¦show more content†¦Appreciate the land we were given by helping keep it clean and helping others. By being respectful, I am given even more to be proud of. O - obedient; An obedient person is one who follows the rules that are given to him. Every law in America is designed to protect. Therefore, one should feel obligated to want to protect the land that they live in. By being obedient, I am able to avoid dangerous situations that could cause harm to myself or others. For example, by following the speed limit, I am reducing the possibility of being in a traffic accident. U - unselfish; An unselfish person shows concern for others. They care about the well-being of things that do not belong to them. Unselfishness can be displayed by voting for a raise in taxes. This may mean that it will cost a person more money. However, the money will help better the community they live in. An example of the way I am unselfish is by donating items and money to needy families, especially during the holidays. This also helps in the betterment of our country. D - dedicated; By being dedicated, a person never gives up on something they believe is of importance. 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Was Bismarcks Foreign Policy 1871-90 a Success - 1474 Words

Was Bismarck’s Foreign Policy 1871-90 a success? The Aim of this essay is to study Bismarcks Foreign Policy from 1871-90 and come to a conclusion about whether it was a success. Otto Von Bismarck born on April 1, 1815 at Schà ¶nhausen and considered the founder of the German Empire. From 1862 to 1873 Bismarck was prime minister of Prussia and from 1871 to 1890 he was Germanys first Chancellor. Once Germany was unified, Bismarck noticed that Germany was under threat of attack from other countries surrounding it. Bismarck primarily wanted to avoid any challenges against the new European order and to unite the new German state, which faced domestic opposition and great suspicion from the rest of Europe Bismarck wanted to do this, rather than†¦show more content†¦Soon after the Dual Alliance in 1881, Bismarck understood that he needed to rekindle relations with Russia and therefore created a renewal of the Dreikaiserbund. Bismarck hoped that this agreement would help to reduce tensions between Austria and Russia in the Balkan s. It was agreed that the Western Balkans would be dominated by the Austrians and the Eastern half by the Russians. This was a success at the beginning because, again, Bismarck managed to keep on the right side of every country with all the alliances and this one benefitted every county involved. However, events in the Balkans were to disrupt Bismarck’s aims. Between 1885 and 1887 the Bulgarian crisis saw relations between Austria and Russia deteriorate. Moreover, worryingly there was a lot of pro French feeling in Russia. In 1887 the Dreikaiserbund ended as Russia made it clear she would sign no further agreement with Austria. However, in 1882, Bismarck created the triple alliance. This was an alliance of peace and friendship and was an extension of the Austro-German Dual Alliance to include Italy. Under the provisions of this treaty, Germany and Austria-Hungary promised to assist Italy if she were attacked by France, and vice versa: Italy was bound to lend aid to Germany or Austria-Hungary if France declared war against either. Moreover, if one of the countries should find themselves at war the others would provide assistance. However, this alliance did not have the same security and theShow MoreRelatedWithin the Context of Germany 1789 – 1890 How Important a Role Did Bismarck Play in the Unification of Germany?4340 Words   |  18 PagesLeopold von Bismarck was appointed Minister-President and Foreign Minister of Prussia . Within nine years a new German nation state was created by the unification of the numerous independent German-speaking states in central Europe. The creation of Germany as a c ohesive political and integrated country occurred on 18 January 1871 at the palace of Versailles in France. Following the military defeat of France by Prussia in the Franco/Prussian war, (July 1870 to January 1871), the leaders of the existingRead MoreEssay about Weimar, Germany4406 Words   |  18 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What was Germany before World War I? Before World War I, Germany was a Great Power on the cusp of social revolution, like many other European nations. The relatively new empire was struggling with the new working class and the increasing movement for labor rights (Gilbert and Large, 15-19). Wilhelm II, the Emperor of Germany when World War I began, was moving his empire toward expansive imperialism and militarism. The political, social, and cultural structure of Germany before World War I was relativelyRead MoreScope of Demography8788 Words   |  36 Pagesstrength was dependent on population numbers, especially those males of military age, and a good government was one under which numbers increased because of the suppression of violence and success in averting famine. There have long been attempts to place a figure on the number of deaths during severe epidemics. Censuses and the recording of deaths were carried out in some of the citystates of Renaissance Italy. Birth rates were treated as either constant or meaningless and little attempt was made to

Social Media in Tourism

Question: Describe about the term for Social Media in Tourism. Answer: Introduction Project Title The impact of Digital Marketing on Small Medium Enterprises of Australia: A Case Study of Planet Innovation Background q country are highly influenced by the particular phenomenon and Australia is not an exception to such scenario. According to Mitchell et al., (1995), the use of the internet is based on indicating the level of democracy in the country (Zeng Gerritsen, 2014). Considering the scenario of Australia, small businesses play a pivotal role in the overall economy of the country. It is observed that the small businesses account for half of the total employment across the country, which suggests that the growth of the particular sector should need to be sustained to contribute positively to the economy of the country. Due to the huge competition, small businesses within the country strive to achieve the success, where multiple companies meet with the failure (Meske Stieglitz, 2013). Because of the inadequacy of the financial resources and the inability to cope up with the changing requirements of the digital marketing approaches, various small businesses of the country experience the malfun ction. In the case of Planet Innovation, the overall progress of the company ensures it as one of the fastest growing small, medium enterprises of Australia (Wamba Carter, 2014). The growth of the company is majorly contributed by its ability to cope up with the technologic advancement to ensure the positive impact is delivered to the global environment. Project Research Problem The way of receiving and exchanging information changes over the time and with the advancement of technology and increasing internet adoption rates within the economy, the significant shift in finding and utilising the information can be observed. According to the research conducted by Zickhuhr and Smith (2012), almost 92% of the consumers of Australia tend to search online to obtain the useful information about the products or services (Barraket Yousefpour, 2013). Therefore, the owners of the small businesses like Planet Innovation must need to embrace the online marketing practices to reach the target audiences across the digital marketing segment. The underlying shift in digital marketing is based on the increasing amount of marketing benefits than opting for the traditional media channels. In order to survive in the highly competitive business environment, the small businesses like Planet Innovation must need to adopt the digital marketing techniques (Inyang, 2013). Based on the primary observation, it can be determined that the owners of small businesses often face significant challenges during the implementation and utilisation of internet marketing process to promote their products and services. Inadequate knowledge of the marketing personnel regarding the deployment of digital marketing is considered as the primary problem for Planet Innovation during the development and implementation of digital marketing strategy. Focus of the Study Purpose of the Research The primary purpose of the study will be based on undertaking the research on how the small and medium sized business owners of Australia develop and implement digital marketing strategy for the growth of their operations. The particular purpose is defined to develop the understanding related to the implication of the positive social changes caused by the emergence of digital marketing and its involvement in the business world (Wamba Carter, 2013). Hence, the overall aim of the study is to reduce the chances of small businesses like Planet Innovation to experience the failure by establishing the suitable techniques to adopt the digital marketing strategies. Research Questions For drawing the conclusion of the study, multiple questions will be required to answer. Complying with the aim of the overall investigation, the fundamental research questions are outlined below (Cochrane et al., 2013): What is the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies for the small and medium businesses? How the return on investing in the digital marketing techniques can be determined for the small and medium sized enterprises? What is the relevance of outsourcing the digital marketing strategies by the small and medium sized businesses? What is the impact of adopting the digital marketing strategies by the small and medium sized businesses? Significance of the Project The importance of the research is based on developing suitable understanding of the fundamental concepts associated with the digital marketing initiatives undertaken by Planet Innovation in its domestic market. The proper sense of the strategies and operations of the small medium enterprises of Australia can be developed as part of the research (Kotler et al., 2015). On the other hand, the findings of the research will be included with the art of online marketing for determining the right strategies, which should be adopted for the marketing mix. Apart from that, the return on investment (ROI) and financial consequences of the business investments can be justified appropriately in the context of the chosen small, medium enterprise. Project related Literature Summary The summary related to the literature associated with the chosen project contains the peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and websites of the identified company. The articles and works developed between 2012 and 2016 are prioritised importantly for developing the study. According to the survey carried out by the SBA (2014), 99.7% firms in Australia represent the small enterprises providing employment opportunities to the workforce of the country (Sen Cowley, 2013). It is determined that half of the employment is contributed by the small, medium business organizations of the country. Apart from that, the small businesses within the country not only create new jobs but also contribute majorly to the entrepreneurship, innovation, and creativity, as dictated by Valadez (2012). The similar scenario can be observed by the operations of Planet Innovations, where the company develops and commercialises products to its customers through the adequate involvement of technology (Gronum, Verreynne, Kastelle, 2012). Based on the annual report of the company for the year 2015, the continuous improvement of Planet Innovations financial position can be determined effectively. Such improvement is largely caused by providing technologic innovation, product developme nt, and commercialisation expertise to the various companies around the world. Planet Innovations focus on the biomedical, hi-tech, and clean-tech industries mostly assists the business to utilise the digital marketing strategies in the proper direction (Nakara, Benmoussa, Jaouen, 2012). According to Jazra et al., (2012), the growth and development of the small businesses are fundamental to the health of the overall economic system. However, with the help of the identified study, it is also observed that the survival rate of the new employers is comparatively little in the proposed community. As dictated by Halibi Lussier (2014), the profitability of the small and medium sized businesses should need to be elevated to promote the survival (Du, Guariglia, Newman, 2015). Apart from that, the owners of this kind of businesses should need to develop proper understanding about the factors leading towards the failure. Such factors will ensure the firms to acquire the sufficient financial resources to capitalise on the digital marketing aspect favouring the process of survival. Planned Research Methodology Single Case Study The research is identified to be accomplished by adopting the qualitative approach, which is appropriate for gaining the in-depth understanding about the nature of operations undertaken by the owners of small medium businesses. Apart from the utilisation of various articles and journals, a single case study related to the online marketing approaches of Planet Innovation will be prioritised for extracting the primary evidence for developing the useful content (Du, Guariglia, Newman, 2015). According to Bluhm et al., (2012), qualitative approach as part of the research helps the researcher to gain the deeper knowledge about the various issues, contexts, and approaches to the identified subject. By the support of the case study involving the identified company, the activities of the SMEs can be understood precisely, rather than predicting the phenomena. Primary Data The primary data will be aimed to collect through the application of semi-structured interviews based on the predesigned questionnaire. Primary data represents the information gathered by the researcher through the personal experiment (Sen Cowley, 2013). The managers and supervisors of Planet Innovation are interviewed properly for determining the approaches and practices undertaken by the firm as part of the digital marketing strategy. Secondary Data The secondary data collection is extensively based on the analysis of case study associated with Planet Innovation. Apart from that, the evaluation is made to the different studies and works of previous scholars and researchers providing vital feedbacks regarding the use of digital marketing concepts and impact of such process to the businesses (Kotler et al., 2015). As part of the qualitative research, theoretical foundation out of the secondary analysis will be prioritised primarily to ensure the validity and reliability of overall findings. Ethical Consideration Ethical guidelines and practice will be followed significantly during the collection of data from the various sources and participants. Firstly, it will be ensured that the under-aged individuals are excluded from the data collection process. Secondly, a proper consent form will be obtained from the university, which in turn will be provided to the research participants for filling them adequately (Cochrane et al., 2013). Thirdly, as recommended by Rubin and Rubin (2012), proper respect will be given to the participants in a mean to develop the trust among the involving parties. In addition, they will be provided with the particular opportunity to engage in the reviewing the interview transcripts for maintaining the rationale behind the identified findings. Schedule for Completion Research Activities 1-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 Topic of the Research Analysis of the secondary source Layout of the investigation Literature review and theories Operations and research plans Research Plans and Techniques Secondary data Analysis Interpretation of Data Analysis Findings and Analysis Conclusion and Summary Formation of Draft Final Submission of the research Paper References Zeng, B., Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review.Tourism Management Perspectives,10, 27-36. Wamba, S. F., Carter, L. (2014). Social media tools adoption and use by SMES: An empirical study.Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC),26(2), 1-17. Barraket, J., Yousefpour, N. (2013). Evaluation and social impact measurement amongst small to medium social enterprises: process, purpose and value.Australian Journal of Public Administration,72(4), 447-458. Inyang, B. J. (2013). Defining the role engagement of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in corporate social responsibility (CSR).International business research,6(5), 123. Cochrane, T., Sissons, H., Mulrennan, D., Pamatatau, R. (2013). Journalism 2.0: Exploring the impact of mobile and social media on journalism education.International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning (IJMBL),5(2), 22-38. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Sen, S., Cowley, J. (2013). The relevance of stakeholder theory and social capital theory in the context of CSR in SMEs: An Australian perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,118(2), 413-427. Gronum, S., Verreynne, M. L., Kastelle, T. (2012). The role of networks in small and medium sized enterprise innovation and firm performance.Journal of Small Business Management,50(2), 257-282. Nakara, W. A., Benmoussa, F. Z., Jaouen, A. (2012). Entrepreneurship and social media marketing: Evidence from French small business.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business,16(4), 386-405. Du, J., Guariglia, A., Newman, A. (2015). Do Social Capital Building Strategies Influence the Financing Behavior of Chinese Private Small and Medium Sized Enterprises?.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(3), 601-631. Wamba, S. F., Carter, L. (2013, January). Twitter adoption and use by SMEs: An empirical study. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2042-2049). IEEE. Meske, C., Stieglitz, S. (2013, June). Adoption and use of social media in small and medium-sized enterprises. InWorking Conference on Practice-Driven Research on Enterprise Transformation(pp. 61-75). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Legalizing Medical Marijuana free essay sample

Legalizing Medical Marijuana The debate over whether to legalize marijuana has been one of the most controversial issues dividing courts, the federal government, state governments, and voters. In 1996, Arizona and California voters overwhelmingly approved the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Propositions 200 and 215 represented a dramatic shift from a previously united federal and state front against illegal drugs to one where state governments and voters are now at odds with the federal government over the medical use of controlled substances. Rather than focusing on how to improve and maintain the long-standing war on drugs, the policy issue has now become; who controls America’s drug laws, courts, the federal government, state governments, or the voters? In addition, the legalization of marijuana poses other questions; does legalizing marijuana undermine the seemingly endless federal war on drugs by moving towards greater tolerance of marijuana and other drugs? Is more research necessary to determine the benefits or hazardous effects of marijuana? Would legalizing marijuana open the floodgates to legalizing other controlled substances such as heroin or LSD? This paper analyzes and examines. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalizing Medical Marijuana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The history of marijuana legalization and prohibition. The arguments for and against legalizing marijuana. This paper concludes by recommending that before marijuana is legalized for medical use there needs to be more testing to improve our knowledge and understanding of marijuana. The first recorded use of marijuana as medicine was in a Chinese pharmacopoeia in 2727 B. C. The cornerstone of drug prohibition in the United States was the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 which restricted the use of opiates such as cocaine, heroin, and morphine to medical purposes (Trebach and Inciardi, p. 3). In the United States, marijuana was legal until the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 established the federal prohibition of the drug. (Grinspoon; Trebach and Inciardi). Had marijuana not been removed from the list of drugs in the United States Pharmacopoeia in 1937, it would have been grand fathered into the Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act as a prescription drug, just as cocaine and morphine were. (Grinspoon). As a result of the tremendous increase in the number of recreational drug users and a more liberalized political climate, marijuana medicinal uses were rediscovered in the 1970s. In the later 1970s and 1980s, marijuana was medically used by hundreds of patients (mainly in the form of synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol) in research projects conducted by several states for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy. (Grinspoon). Likewise, in 1976, the federal government approved the use of marijuana as a medicine by instituting the Compassionate Investigational New Drug program (CIND), under which physicians could obtain an Investigational New Drug application (IND) for a patient to receive marijuana. (Grinspoon). However, this program was so filled with and bureaucratically overburdened that in the course of history only about three dozen individuals ever received marijuana. One argument in favor of legalization is that marijuana provides several medical benefits for individuals suffering from asthma, cancer, glaucoma, migraine headaches, multiple sclerosis, and other symptoms and syndromes. (Grinspoon, p. 1). First, marijuana is remarkably non-toxic as evidenced by the fact that there has never been a reported death caused by marijuana overdose. Grinspoon, p. 1). In addition, marijuana’s long-term and short-term effects (i. e. , increased appetite, increased memory loss/slowed memory function, etc. ) are relatively inconsequential compared to medicines for which marijuana may be substituted. (Grinspoon, p. 1). Next, once patients no longer have to pay the prohibition tariff, marijuana will be less expensive than the medications it replaces. (Grinspoon, p. 1). Finally, marijuana is remarkably versatile; case histories and clinical evidence suggests it is useful in the treatment of over two dozen symptoms and syndromes, and others will undoubtedly be discovered in the future. (Grinspoon, p. 1). Another argument in favor of legalization is that there are many activities that are considered integral parts of daily life that are more lethal than marijuana. In order to support this contention, proponents note that in the United States, tobacco alone kills over 430,000, alcohol 110,000, prescription drugs 32,000, and aspirin and Tylenol 7,600 yearly. http://my. marijuana. com, p. 1). By contrast, all illegal drugs combined, including, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), heroin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), marijuana, mescaline, PCP (phencyclidine), and psilocybin (magic) mushrooms killed approximately 11,000 in 1999. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 1). In addition, proponents contend that prohibition has not been sho wn to have a measurable impact on the demand for drugs in general. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Countries such as Italy, Portugal, and Spain, have decriminalized the use of all drugs, including cocaine and heroin, and offer government subsidized programs to assist those addicted to hard drugs such as heroin, providing them with doctor supervised locations to ingest their drugs. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Likewise, the Netherlands has legalized soft drugs including marijuana and magic mushrooms. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). The result of these programs has been lower drug addiction, death, and use rates. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Proponents of legalization contend that by preventing valid manufacturers from making these products, prohibition increases the dangers associated with drug use by preventing regulation, and forcing drug users to buy products which have no guarantee of dosage or purity. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). In addition, proponents contend that prohibition increases street violence by forcing the sale of drugs to the black market, which encourages the formation of organized crime in order to distribute and manufacture these substances under the control of a group of individuals. http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Laws are structured in order to punish adults more heavily than minors, and due to this, minors are enlisted by these organized crime units, provided with guns or other weapons, and used to sell or transport these drugs, with the knowledge that if they are caught, they will not be as heavily punished. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). This increase in violence and the focus on c riminalizing drug use has resulted in the criminal justice system being overloaded. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Non-violent drug offenders make up 58% of the federal prison population according to the ACLU. In addition, mandatory minimum sentencing laws and laws such as California’s Three Strikes law are unfairly distributed, jailing some for life, simply for selling a chemical which the buyer freely chooses to ingest, making it a harsher crime to participate in a consensual act than to commit second degree murder. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 3). Proponents of legalization also contend that the war on drugs presents an immense monetary drain on the United States economy. http://my. marijuana. com, p. 4). For example, in 2000, the Clinton administration spent more than $17. 9 billion on the war on drugs. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 4). By comparison, the president is requested $4. 5 billion in discretionary appropriations for the Department of Education in the fiscal year 2002. (Dept. Of Ed. ). In short, the United States is spending 40% as much on fighting the drug war as it is on educating for the next generation. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 4). Finally, proponents of legalization contend that prohibition is causing the government to miss out on an opportunity to raise an incredible amount of tax revenue. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 4). The international illicit drug business generates as much as $400 billion in trade annually according to the United Nations International Drug Control Program, which amounts to 8% of all international trade and is comparable to the annual turnover in textiles. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. ). Legalizing marijuana and taxing its sale would allow the government to use this money to improve and pay for drug treatment programs, health care, homeless shelters, and schools. Legalization would not only eliminate the $18 billion per year spent fighting the drug war, but would in turn raise at least $40 billion per year in tax revenue, if one assumes a mild 10% tax on the drug trade, a number nearly equivalent to the entire United States education budget. (http://my. marijuana. om, p. 4). While pr oponents of legalization contend that marijuana provides several medical benefits, there is no concrete, convincing scientific evidence that marijuana offers benefits that patients cannot obtain from approved prescription drugs such as Marinol. However, patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy or suffering from multiple sclerosis report fewer side-effects with marijuana than with regular drugs. (http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 4). Although the American Medical Association and other official medical groups oppose medical marijuana, a 1991 survey found 44% of oncologists had suggested use of marijuana to treat nausea associated with chemotherapy. (http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 4). Thus, before marijuana may be approved as a prescription drug, clinical trials to gauge its therapeutic effect upon pain must be conducted. (http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 4). Another argument opposing legalization is that marijuana is a (gateway) drug and that legalizing it will only encourage more individuals to try it. However, like the argument that providing high school students with condoms and sex education will inspire teenagers to become sexually active, this argument is logically flawed. If an individual wishes to try marijuana or to have premarital sex, he or she will not be deterred from doing so simply because it is illegal. Finally, opponents of legalization contend that medical marijuana laws are overbroad, i. . , California’s Proposition 215 is written in such a way that almost any ailment or pain could be construed as justification for the use of marijuana and also allows for the cultivation of marijuana, not just possession. (http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 3). In addition, Arizona’s Proposition 200 goes beyond marijuana, which is often viewed as a soft drug by both opponents and prop onents of legalization, and empowers doctors to prescribe narcotics such as heroin and LSD if they see fit. (http://www. cnn. om/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 3). Although there are many arguments in favor of legalizing marijuana, more clinical and laboratory research is necessary to improve our knowledge and understanding of marijuana. First, we need to know how many patients and which patients with each symptom or syndrome are likely to find marijuana more effective than existing drugs. Next, more information is required about marijuana’s effect on the immune system in immunologically impaired patients, and its interaction with other medications. Finally, if and when marijuana is legalized, there should be a uniform distribution and enforcement system in place between federal and state governments to regulate who may obtain marijuana, its accepted uses, and quality control mechanisms. References Grinspoon, Lester. Medical Marihuana in a Time of Prohibition. International Journal of Drug Policy, April, 1999. Trebach, Arnold S. and Inciardi, James A. Legalize It? Debating American Drug Policy. The American University Press, Washington, DC. 1993. http://my. marijuana. com http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html